Table of Contents                  ISBN-13-978150770093                                               Page

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Section 1: Review of the Basics                                             1

 

 The fundamental parameters, the enthalpy-based equations including the ideal gas law are all discussed, all in a manner that is consistent with traditional conceptualization. We end the section by introducing the ideal gas law paradox, followed by a discussion of Joule’s experiment.

 

Section 2: Heat Capacity & Other                                          8

 

 The basic principles of heat capacity, thermal energy exchange, specific heat, ideal gas constant and thermal conductivity are all discussed in a traditionally accepted manner. Thus enabling the formation of common ground between tradition and our new perspective.

 

Section 3: Matter and Temperature                                      12

 

The concepts of intermolecular and intramolecular vibrations are discussed, as well as how temperature is measured. A new way of conceptualizing thermal energy is introduced along with some clarification as to what the measurement of temperature actually should signify.

 

Section 4: Energy Within a Volume                                      16

 

 The conceptualization of the energy within a volume of a gas is altered, followed by a traditional discussion of gas kinematics. The relevance of thermal radiation is then emphasized followed by a brief discussion of blackbody radiation. Finally the Rayleigh-Jeans approximation is applied to our Sun’s energy output providing a clear explanation as to why so many thermodynamic relations tend to be directly proportional to temperature.    

 

Section 5: Equipartition, Maxwell and Energy                      25

 

The fundamental principles of equipartition are introduced and discussed. Although for the most part, this section follows traditional structure, variations of conceptualization and final conclusions are obtained.

 

Section 6: Work: The Basics                                                 32

 

 The principle of work is introduced and then queried. Ultimately we arrive at the new realization that expanding systems tend to upwardly displace our atmosphere against the Earth’s gravitational field and that this signifies work, which is lost onto our atmosphere, i.e. the illusionary principle of lost work is for the first time given clarity.  This simple realization forms the basis for a radical departure from traditional interpretations. This departure can no longer be denied, as it now forms the basis for the fall from grace of both our poorly conceived entropy and it accomplice, the second law. 

 

Section7: Systems Performing Work                                    42

 

 The delusional traditional principle that work can be done onto a volume of nothing is addressed. Work and temperature dependence, is then discussed followed by pressure temperature correlation. Finally numerous simple examples are given including throttling processes and then the principles of reversibility are discussed. All in all this section is a continuation of our departure from traditional doctrine. 

 

Section 8: Engine, Efficiency and Reversibility                     56

 

The principles of engines and efficiency are discussed to which our new understanding of lost work is then applied. The implications to global warming, cyclic efficiency, Carnot cycle and real engines are then discussed.

 

Section 9: Expanding Gases, Refrigeration, and Walls           62

 

Adiabatic systems and traditional misunderstandings are discussed. A new understanding of the role of walls in thermodynamics is fully discussed with emphasis upon how walls maintain equilibrium between thermal radiation and kinetic theory. Then refrigeration followed by true adiabatic expansion is discussed, all ultimately resulting into new insights into the polytropic equation.

 

Section 10: Heat, Matter and the Ideal Gas Constant            

 

 Based upon the traditional acceptance of heat capacity combined with our new perspectives, thermal energy exchanges and total system energy are discussed. New understandings  for the specific heat of gases, ideal gas constant, and Boltzmann’s constant are obtained. Problems concerning entropy are then discussed, followed by thermal conductivity of gases. This insightful section ends with new insights into the ideal gas law,  Avogadro’s hypothesis, as well as a possible correlation between pressure, temperatures and inelastic collision. 

 

Section 11: Latent Heat                                                         84

 

  The traditional interpretation for latent heat is presented, and then is altered based upon our new perspective.

 

Section 12: Probability, Latent Heat & Critical Temperature   90

 

 Boltzmann’s probability for latent heat is revisited, followed by our conclusion that there is something wrong with the traditional understanding. The probability function is then re-examined arriving at the conclusion that if we accept that a liquid molecule has six neighbors, each of which has a bond that must be broken, then Boltzmann’s probability should no longer be applied to vaporization. This being the case then we discuss numerous possibilities, all based upon the new concept of kinematic number. At first the likelihood of a kinematic number 9 is discussed followed by this author’s realization that the kinematic number 8.5 may actually be a better result. The concept of kinematic number is then applied critical temperature arriving at the result of 5. 

 

Section 13: Rates and Vapor Pressure                                    105

 

Our new understanding of probabilities is then applied rates and vapor pressure. The concept of normalization factor is then reexamined giving new insights into vapor pressure. The Clausius-Clapeyron equations is then reexamined, followed by our derivation of simpler equations, all based upon first principles.

 

Section 14: Solubility                                                             114

 

The solubility of gases is reexamined based upon our new understanding. Henry’s law is broken down into its various components based upon a new inscribed logic.

 

Section 15: Physical Chemistry                                               119

 

This author confesses that his application of his new perspectives to physical chemistry is in need of assistance from others with more experience in chemistry. Even so attempts are made herein to show how one might go about the process of rewriting a beleaguered science. 

 

Section 16: Defying the Laws                                                129

 

 Herein the traditionally accepted laws of thermodynamics are scrutinized. Ultimately we determine the faults of the science, with emphasis on how entropy and its accomplish, the second law, are traditionally poorly conceived.

 

Section 17: The Heart of the Failure                                       135

 

Part of the problem with traditional thermodynamics is the blatant misuse of partial derivatives as is discussed in this section.

 

Section 18: Summation of the Journey                                   138

 

This section gives a brief summation of this books remarkable journey.

 

 

Appendix: Table of Contents                                                   139

A.1 Latent Heat vs Pressure, for Water                                    140

A.2 Steam Tables                                                                    151

B.1 Black Body Radiation                                                         153

B.2 Binomial, Gaussian & Boltzmann’s Distributions                159

B.3 Equipartition Theorem                                                      163

B.4 Debeye’s Model                                                                 165

B.5 Vibrational Energy & Motion                                              166

B.6 Mechanical Work                                                               170

B.7 The Polytropic Equation                                                     173